Lou, it is hard to describe my reaction to the pictures you have shown me from your visit to San Clemente. Imagine…losing absolutely everything! The poverty in your country is so apparent following the earthquake.
But, tell me, has there always been so much poverty in Peru?
Map of the location of ancient Indian tribes in Latin America
LOU
No, it has not always existed. If we return to the time of the Inca indians, they were able to govern their country well (including actual parts of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina).
Macchu Picchu, one of the new seven wonders of the World, in Cusco
They mutually assisted one another in their community so that everyone was able to work to mutual benefit. In this way, everyone had food to eat from the land.
JANIS
Really? Most Americans don’t really know much of the history of Peru …or the Incas. I am curious about them. 
Large stones were carved by hand and relocated to construct the Incan fortress, Sacsahuaman
Tell me how they ruled their people? Were they able to care for everyone so there was no one without the basic necessities of life?
LOU
The Incas belonged to a race of indians called Quechua. The Incas, like the Aztecs and the Mayans, were able to manage to have great civilizations made up of indians that had been in Latin America before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. 
Incan calendar
In the beginning of the 13th century the Quechuas only lived in small villages, having their principal city in Cusco, but by the 15th century the Inca ruler Pachacutec had been able to build an empire. Pachacutec was the one who organized the empire making laws so that the people were able to live comfortably. No one was hungry and all the population worked together for the benefit of the community. This was made law in all locations. It was at the time the Incas were able to construct what today is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World, Macchu Picchu. 
Macchu Picchu
Peru is a land with many mountains. As a result, the Incas did not have level land to cultivate. To avoid problems they created terraces that enabled them to cultivate in the mountains.
The Sacred Valley of the Incas in Ollantaytambo, Cusco
In this way, they could produce agriculture. They were also able to raise livestock that provided meat and milk for their nourishment.
Terraces built by the Inca Indians into the side of the mountains
to cultivate food for the people
JANIS
You are saying the Incas had a society that cared for all of the members. They created a community. But the picture is very different today in Peru. So much of the population is poor. I have been told the average Peruvian hopes to earn one or two dollars a day just to feed their family. What happened? 
An reinactment of the celebration of the sun, Inti Raymi, in wich the Incan Indians sacrificed a llama to give thanks for good production of their agriculture
LOU
Well, I believe there are many factors that cause poverty in Peru today. In the time of the Incas, there was no money…only their interdependence.
A double rainbow over Macchu Picchu
Poverty began when Atahualpa, illegitimate brother of the last Inca Huascar, raised arms against Huascar and then began a civil war between the different ethnic groups in the Empire. The army of Atahualpa captured Huascar and he was executed on the orders of his half brother. The Empire, where everyone lived with their basic needs satisfied were in chaos after the war in which division and resentment between the different ethnic groups and Atahualpa who was the new leader of the Incas.
A local inhabitant, descended from the Inca Indians, tending llamas.
Atahualpa, nor a country divided, did not suspect what would come later. Some time afterward Francisco Pizarro and his men arrived on the shores (these men were ambitious to find the gold and riches of the lands). They defeated the Incas and controlled the territory, and in this manner the indian government in these lands arrived at their end; everything that Pachacutec had been able to achieve so that the people could live well, resulted in chaos.
The Spanish conquerors exploited the indians in the mines so that they could remove the gold and silver for the Spanish crown and for themselves. Many women were violated by the conquerors. The free spirit and harmony of the indians with nature was lost. Indians who had once been owners of their land now had nothing. The character of the indian and the mestizos (of indian and Spanish heritage) converted to a people dominated by the Spanish and poverty came to them and their families.
For 300 years, the indians and the mestizos suffered from the domination of the Spanish causing the people to remain poor. 
The stones in the photo were constructed by the Inca
Indians; the buildings above were built by the Spanish.
When Peru became independent, the members of the upper class were those that made the decisions. They left the rest of the social classes. The indians were totally forgotten and this poverty exists until today.
JANIS
That is a fascinating story. It was obvious a great Empire that also care for its own citizens. How unfortunate that they fell to the greed of the Spanish. So many wonderful traditions were lost…or have been forgotten. And today, in addition to the Indians, anyone without power and money has disadvantages in life. 
The main square in Cusco built by the Spanish
LOU
Yes, the devastation in Peru today is not only of the indians but also persons of different races that have no work and unable to provide for their own nourishment. Public education is of a very poor quality and this result in the children not being competitive in the job market when they are older. The age of the Incas has passed. Now we are only able to see the present and the future of these people and of their children here in Peru.
Sometimes the answer to problems in the present can be found by looking at what happened in the past. There was value among the Incas to work together in a community for the benefit of everyone. Parents demonstrated this to their children who passed the tradition on to their own children.
The results of poverty today in one of the poor zones of Arequipa in southern Peru
When the Spanish arrived in Peru, their goal was not to create community but to enrich themselves. What can we learn from the past that can be applied to the problem of poverty today?
Another poor zone, Horacio Zeballos, located outside the city of Arequipa
LOU
I believe the problems we see around us today are problems for all of the community. If each person lives independently (without regard for others), I believe that poverty will continue. But I believe one must change the mental attitude of selfishness and living in one’s own world without consideration for the importance of one’s neighbor.
Poverty´s new terraces of houses located in San Genaro, a part of the district of Chorrillos in Lima.
The Spanish brought this to us and Peruvians of today want to have a “independent” life but this is not reality.
A view of San Genaro looking down the upon thousands of homes affected by poverty today in Lima
JANIS
I agree with your view. The American culture emphasizes independence from childhood. But, in reality, we are connected to one another on a global basis. The problem of poverty is not “out there” but its effects are in my world even if I don’t want to acknowledge this. The solution comes not from one person or one country but our common commitment to work together as a community. I think, as humans, we have a difficult time trying to affect a global issue. As individuals, it is hard to change the world; but we can work together to effect change in one small part of the world.
Homes located above San Genaro in the zone of Nuevo Amanecer.
LOU
We are all part of the world. All of us are connected one to the other in some form. And we must continue moving forward. From this conversation you know already a part of my history and how we became Peruvians. We are a peaceful people, with many errors, but also much desire to work together to leave poverty behind. It has been a great conversation.
A typical street in the poor zones in and around San Genaro
JANIS
Yes, it has been interesting. I think we’re headed down the right path. There is much to learn from the past that we can apply to the present. We’ll continue this later…chau chau!
The inheritants of poverty today…the cycle of poverty continues.










Herederos de la pobreza que nos rodea… pero son el futuro de nuestro pais